PEH Volume I Chapter 10: Produced Water

C1-3: Math
C4: Fluid Sampling
C5: Gas Properties
C6: Oil Correlations
C7: Thermo/Phase
C8: Phase Diagrams
C9: Asphaltene/Wax
C10: Produced Water 
C11: Phase Behavior
C12: Emulsions
C13: Rock Properties
C14: Permeability
C15: Relative Permeability
C16: Economics
C17-18: Law

Produced Water Properties (I-466-494):

Meteoric Water = water recently in contact with atmosphere (from surface).
Connate = Original sedimentary interstitial = Fossil water (away from atmosphere since settling).
Juvenile Water = never contacts atmosphere (from deep; mineral diagenesis --> water expulsion.

Water: chemical signature may ID depth (strata).
Water produced: increases as oil produced increases (usually; even primary production).
Water: excellent solvent: reacts to dissolve many phases it contacts.
Scale deposits on ESPs: precipitates due to motor heat.
Reserves typically limited by water handling costs (even secondary & tertiary).
Volatile organic acids: formic, acetic, propionic, butyric.
Dissolved aromatic compounds: benzene, toluene, xylenes (often included in oil carryover by law).
Hydrocarbon carryover in produced water: important issue for surface engineers.
Common scales: calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, iron sulfide, iron carbonate.
Scale inhibition: uses organic compounds to slow growth sites.
Scale inhibition: lab experiments, not just computers, needed to select inhibition compounds.
Corrosion prediction less certain than scale-precipitation predictions.
DST water sample: TDS increase downhole; ideal sample when TDS constant or final water to tool.
Water samples: taken from flowline (above) or wellhead.
Water tests: for compressibility, density, FVF, resistivity, surface tension, viscosity, pH, pE.

It's a good idea to review this section in the Handbook and highlight if unfamiliar.